Introduction to Restorative Justice-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Disucsss about the Evaluate the Claim that Restorative Justice Practices Are Beneficial For Victims of Crime and Offenders. Answer: Article Plan The idea of remedial equity is considered as an imaginative way to deal with criminal equity. It is an option in contrast to the conventional criminal procedure followed in courts as therapeutic equity by and large incorporate gathering of the wrongdoers and the people in question and their separate families. The members go to an understanding for the blamed so as to fix the harm he caused to the person in question. In the occasion a gathering decays to go to such eye to eye gatherings, there are extensions to draw out the remedial result of fixing the damage caused to the casualty by the wrongdoer. As it were, therapeutic equity accentuates on restoring the mischief brought about by the wrongdoer to the person in question. It very well may be accomplished through helpful procedures that remember all the entertainers for the criminal equity framework. Helpful equity is gainful for all the basic entertainers inside the criminal equity framework. Right off the bat, it furnishes the guilty party with a chance to acknowledge his/her duty regarding the damage he/she caused to the person in question, along these lines, restoring. Also, it is beneficial for the state too by redirecting cases from the criminal equity framework that is now over-troubled with cases. Ultimately, it allows to the casualties to assume a noteworthy job in managing the wrongdoing that has been against him/her by the blamed/guilty party. It is consistently valuable for the people in question, guilty parties and the influenced individuals from the general public to be associated with reacting to the wrongdoing, as they are indispensable to the criminal equity process. This therapeutic procedure of including all the gatherings to the criminal equity framework through up close and personal gatherings is a persuasive method to address the physical wounds as well as t he mental, social and social wounds too. The fundamental ideas remembered for the remedial equity are to comprehend the necessities of the guilty parties and casualties and to guarantee that equity is controlled to all the entertainers in the criminal equity framework. Helpful equity is an elective way to deal with the conventional courts process. This methodology targets fixing the harm brought about by the denounced or the wrongdoer which needs the customary criminal equity framework. The article will examine how therapeutic equity, in the entirety of its sense, is a praiseworthy exertion to adapt the equity framework. The paper will incorporate a presentation, body and end where the presentation part will involve brief idea of the point remedial equity and its basic components. In the body of the article, the fundamental components will be examined extravagantly. Further, it will incorporate the effect of therapeutic equity and will give guides to build up the case that it is advantageous for the two guilty parties and casualties. The end will incorporate outline of the focuses talked about in the whole paper to set up that helpful equity is a valuable to the people in question, guilty parties and the influenced individuals from the network. Paper The idea of remedial equity is another development in the realm of criminology and victimology. Given the way that wrongdoings makes wounds networks and individuals, remedial equity fix such wounds and permits the gatherings to such wrongdoing to partake in that procedure. The therapeutic equity programs grant the guilty parties, casualties and the other influenced individuals to assume a noteworthy job in reacting to the violations (Bouffard et al. 2017). These entertainers become indispensable to the criminal equity process with the help from the legitimate experts and the administration. They go about as facilitators to such framework that targets guaranteeing the responsibility of the wrongdoer, reparation of the people in question and complete interest of the influenced individuals from the network. This procedure includes vis-à-vis meeting that are held between the guilty parties, casualties and the influenced network individuals where the wrongdoer concedes his/her offense an d assumes full liability for the wounds caused to casualties and the influenced network individuals. The article will additionally examine about the basic components engaged with the therapeutic equity process that it, the people in question, guilty parties and the influenced network individuals. It will encourage fundamentally dissect the expected advantages of remedial equity for casualties. Taking everything into account, a short outline will be given building up that therapeutic equity is a reasonable option in specific situations to the conventional criminal equity framework. The rise of the thought of remedial equity had occurred because of two wide and basic patterns (Larsen 2014). The primary pattern is the general tendency towards an elective debate goals technique, which will be less expensive, more affable than a costly, tome-expending and mentally demanding troublesome framework that depends on formal settling and suit. The subsequent patterns incorporates the enduring disappointment with the customary criminal equity framework that isn't just difficult and expensive yet additionally neglects to deflect wrongdoing, restore guilty parties, and advance compelling and only discipline to oversee equity to the influenced casualties. Therapeutic equity fulfills both the parts of legislative issues traditionalists and the liberal perspective. From the moderate angle, it centers around the responsibility of the guilty parties, sparing legislative costs and strengthening of the people in question. From the liberal perspective, it centers around the government assistance of the considerable number of gatherings and the probability for making and mending the harmony. This builds up the motivation behind why a few victimologists, criminologists have acknowledged remedial equity on the ground that it includes benefits for casualties, guilty parties and the State in one single procedure. Helpful equity is a type of equity hypothesis that underlines on fixing the damage that is caused to the casualty by the criminal conduct. The fixing is accomplished through helpful procedures, which incorporates all the partners or the entertainers of the criminal equity framework that is, the guilty parties, casualties and the influenced network individuals (Crawford and Newburn 2013). As examined before, remedial equity process includes vis-à-vis gatherings between the people in question, wrongdoer and the influenced individuals from the network. The gatherings between the people in question, wrongdoers and the individuals from the influenced network are indispensable to address the social part of wrongdoing and equity. Three satisfactory strategies describe helpful equity casualty guilty party intercession, peacemaking or condemning circles and Family or Community bunch conferencing. Casualty guilty party intervention is a procedure that permits an intrigued casualty to meet the wrongdoer in an organized and made sure about setting, taking part in a conversation about the wrongdoing submitted and such conversation will be held through the help of a prepared go between. The target of this procedure is to allow the casualties to meet the wrongdoers willfully and educate them about the effect regarding wrongdoing on the casualty for the guilty party to assume the liability for such damage (Hipple et al. 2016). The guilty party and casualties are given a chance to build up an arrangement for tending to the damage. Family or Community Group Conferencing is where the guilty party, casualty, loved ones are united to address the outcomes of wrongdoing. The goal of such conferencing process incorporates giving the casualty a chance to react to the wrongdoing and allowing the emotionally supportive network of the guilty parties to change and re-shape future conduct, endeavoring to allow the people in question and the wrongdoer to connect with the network support. Peacemaking or Sentencing Circles is a procedure that is intended to create understanding among the network individuals, casualties, wrongdoers, judges, protection guidance, police and court laborers as for suitable condemning arrangement that indicates to address the worries of all the invested individuals. The principle target of this procedure is to address all the wounds of all the influenced parties and give the guilty party to make alterations and empower the person in question and the influenced network individuals with the chance to voice their anxiety in settling the reasons for criminal conduct displayed by the wrongdoer. The three therapeutic equity forms eventually decide the strategy to fix the mischief brought about by the wrongdoings submitted by the wrongdoer against the person in question. So as to execute the therapeutic equity procedure to react to wrongdoings, two conventional criminal equity sanctions network administration and compensation (Clamp 2016). Compensation is the installment of a total of cash that is paid by a guilty party to repay the casualty for the monetary misfortunes brought about by the wrongdoing. It is a supported remedial strategy for considering guilty parties liable for the violations submitted by them and a technique for fixing the injury caused to the person in question. It either might be resolved over the span of circles and conferencing or might be requested by an appointed authority. Network administration is work that is done to support the network by the wrongdoers. It is a legitimate remedial equity process used to deliver the damage caused to the person in question and its effect on the network. This procedure can be utilized as a way to restore the wrongdoer. With respect to the advancement of helpful equity, there have been developing worries about the reality whether the idea has been compelling at preventing wrongdoings. Helpful equity being a tertiary type of wrongdoing discouragement measure targets deflecting the demonstration of culpable as opposed to forbidding essential anticipation. Subsequently, if a helpful equity measure is compelling, it should create lower paces of recidivism. In an ongoing Australian investigation led by the NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research has been showing that an enormous scope youth equity conferencing activity is fit for decreasing 15-20%

Models of Takaful in Bangladesh Perspective

Milliman Research Report Prepared by: Safder Jaffer Farzana Ismail Jabran Noor Lindsay Unwin Reviewed by: Debo Ajayi November 2010 Takaful (Islamic Insurance): Concept, Challenges, and Opportunities Takaful (Islamic Insurance): Concept, Challenges, and Opportunities Safder Jaffer, Farzana Ismail, Jabran Noor, Lindsay Unwin November 2010 Takaful (Islamic Insurance): Concept, Challenges, and Opportunities Safder Jaffer, Farzana Ismail, Jabran Noor, Lindsay Unwin November 2010 Milliman Research Report Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 BACkgROUND AND MARkET OUTLOOk 3 PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES UNDERLYINg TAkAFUL OPERATINg MODELS 11 ISSUES AND ChALLENgES FACINg ThE TAkAFUL INDUSTRY 15 CONCLUSION 25 APPENDIX I: gLOSSARY 26 APPENDIX II: BIBLIOgRAPhIC REFERENCES 28 APPENDIX III: SELF REgULATINg BODIES and TAkAFUL gROUPS 29 Takaful (Islamic Insurance): Concept, Challenges, and Opportunities Safder Jaffer, Farzana Ismail, Jabran Noor, Lindsay Unwin November 2010 1 Milliman Research Report exeCutive s ynopsis Through work area inquire about, one can get a plenty of materials and papers on Takaful, however generally will in general spotlight either on the basics of Takaful or on Takaful models.In differentiate, the target of this report is to feature the key issues and difficulties confronting the universe of Takaful and recommended zones where work is required to discover arrangements. Subsequently this report is expected to give helpful reference material to practioners by summing up the accompanying key things: †¢ A diagram of Takaful and the complexities of the models †¢ Insights into the issues and difficulties confronting the Takaful business †¢ Finding supportable answers for a portion of these challengesTakaful (Islamic Insurance): Concept, Challenges, and Opportunities Safder Jaffer, Farzana Ismail, Jabran Noor, Lindsay Unwin November 2010 2 Milliman Research Report BaCkground and market standpoint Muslims represent around 25% of the world’s absolute populace, yet in spite of fast development as of late, protection deals inside the Muslim populace stay a little division of the complete protection advertise. Verifiably, the contradiction between traditional protection and key principles of the Islamic confidence has gone about as a huge boundary to sales.These contrasts have prompted low entrance rates and have left numerous Muslims with minimal outside insurance for their wards or assets. The advancement of Takaful, which begins from the Arabic action word ‘kafalah,’ which implies ‘to help one another’ or ‘mutual guarantee,’ has been driven by a need to defeat these hindrances and make a protection recommendation that is completely agreeable with Shariah (Islamic law). It offers Muslims an important hazard the executives apparatus and the principal genuine option in contrast to customary protection in both the life and nonlife areas that is worthy to the Muslim faith.For non-Muslims, Takaf ul items possibly offer an elective wellspring of protection protectionâ€with diverse venture destinations, a way to deal with surplus appropriation, and an oversight framework with a moral measurement. Consequently in Malaysia, for instance, non-Muslims represent over 60% of the all out Takaful premiums. Takaful offers Muslims an important hazard the board device and the primary genuine option in contrast to regular protection in both the life and non-life parts that is adequate to the Muslim confidence. Figure 1: geographiCal spread oF muslims as a % oF absolute populace No information 0-5% 5-10% 10-half 50-75% 75-100% Sources: U.S. State Department, CIA WORLD FACTBOOK, Swiss Re Economic Research and Consulting Market Size and Outlook Whilst Takaful began in 1979 in Sudan, it possibly picked up energy in mid 2000 when the Malaysian government advanced it and critical development was seen from there on. The development of Takaful has fluctuated altogether from nation to nation a nd its prosperity, or something else, has been to a great extent reliant on the mindfulness and luxuriousness of the neighborhood populace, just as on the vigor of the nearby administrative system. Thus the most elevated development has been seen in spots, for example, Malaysia (with its significant mindfulness ofTakaful and vigorous administrative structure), while development in the Middle East has as of late taken off. Contingent upon the meaning of Takaful, the at present cited volumes as far as premiums go from USD$1 billion to USD$5. 6 billion. Despite the fact that the specific size of the Takaful market has frequently been contested, there is general affirmation of the quick development of the business. In 2007, Takaful premiums in developing markets developed by generally 26% and represented 5% of protection premiums Takaful (Islamic Insurance): Concept, Challenges, and Opportunities Safder Jaffer, Farzana Ismail, Jabran Noor, Lindsay Unwin November 2010 3Milliman Research Report written in Muslim nations. 1 According to Takaful Re, a Dubai-based Retakaful organization, Takaful premiums crossed the USD$3 billion imprint in 2007 as found in the table in Figure 2. Figure 2: takaFul premiums (usd$ millions) gCC 2004 2005 2006 2007 770 SAUDI ARABIA 1,238 1,579 2,046 645 1,065 1,340 1,695 KUWAIT 54 83 90 124 UAE 31 42 65 109 QATAR 25 34 50 76 BAHRAIN 15 34 59 south east asia MALAySIA 474 544 692 951 343 412 534 797 INDONESIA 77 75 80 94 THAILAND 30 32 35 24 27 30 35 aFriCa BRUNEI 121 181 215 317 levant 14 17 21 32 5 8 11 18 1,384 1,988 2,518 3,364 indian suB-Continent all out Source: Takaful ReThe anticipated Takaful composed premium assessments have frequently been bantered by experts in view of the wide scope of numbers distributed by different sources. There is trouble in deciding firm gauges of the complete business potential as there is a wide assortment of Takaful definitions and categorisation, just as an absence of reliable and believable informati on. Oliver Wyman recommended in an ongoing report that the Takaful premium potential is in any event USD$20 billion though Swiss Re in its yearly Sigma report sees a capability of USD$56 billion. Takaful premiums by 2015 are assessed to be in the scope of USD$7 billion to USD$8 billion.Hence it is important to practice alert when examining anticipated figures. Takaful gives access to a huge, generally undiscovered market, in which protection entrance floats some place well underneath 2% of gDP, and its development in the worldwide market is relied upon to proceed in the long haul. Takaful gives access to an enormous, moderately undiscovered market, in which protection infiltration drifts some place well beneath 2% of GDP, and its development in the worldwide market is relied upon to proceed in the long haul. Worldwide appraisals for the development of the overall Takaful industry come in at 20% every year, far exceeding the 2. % yearly development for ordinary protection premiums. 2 It is fascinating to take note of that numerous Takaful suppliers have developed to a great extent solid from the money related emergency, as speculations are regularly held in profoundly fluid resources, which is because of restricted Shariah-consistent ventures. Safety net providers considering passage to the Takaful market are in an ideal situation surveying the business sectors and openings in the near future. Directed showcasing and buyer instruction are fundamental to create advertise mindfulness and built up safety net providers can use their current promoting and conveyance platforms.The absence of a reasonable market pioneer in Europe and the UK implies that back up plans can make the most of the difficulties and openings present in a creating worldwide industry. 1 2 Swiss Re (2008). Protection in the developing markets. Sigma, Issue No. 5. PricewaterhouseCoopers (2008). Takaful : Growth openings in a powerful market. Recovered Nov. 3, 2010, from http://www. pwc. com/en_GX /gx/money related administrations/pdf/pwc_takaful. pdf. Takaful (Islamic Insurance): Concept, Challenges, and Opportunities Safder Jaffer, Farzana Ismail, Jabran Noor, Lindsay Unwin November 2010 4 Milliman Research Report rinCiples and praCtiCes basic takaFul Principles Underlying the Takaful Industry The Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB), a self-managed association in Islamic funds, delivered a paper on administration (in December 2009) and characterizes Takaful as follows: Takaful is the Islamic partner of customary protection, and exists in both Family (or ‘Life’) and General structures. Takaful is gotten from an Arabic word that implies joint assurance, whereby a gathering of members concur among themselves to help each other together for the misfortunes emerging from indicated risks.In a Takaful plan the members contribute a total of cash as a Tabarru’ responsibility into a typical reserve that will be utilized commonly to help the individuals against a predetermined kind of misfortune or harm. The guaranteeing in a Takaful is in this manner embraced on a common premise, comparable in certain regards to ordinary shared protection. A normal Takaful endeavor comprises of a two-level structure that is a half and half of a shared and a business type of organization †which is the Takaful administrator (TO) †despite the fact that on a fundamental level it could be an unadulterated common structure.Hence there is an acknowledgment that while the current ‘Takaful’ idea and practice is in certainty a crossover of a common and business safety net provider, on a basic level it needs to move more towards an unadulterated common structure. This will be examined later while talking about the chances and difficulties of the Takaful business. There is a typical misconception that protection or hazard moderation isn't permitted under Islam, as Muslims accept that solitary God knows one’s future and confidence. The a ccompanying discussion taken from the maxims of the Prophet Muhammad portrays an intriguing message with regards to why Muslims ought to undoubtedly decrease the danger of loss:Whilst the current ‘Takaful’ idea and practice is in actuality a crossover of a common and business safety net provider, on a fundamental level it needs to move more towards an unadulterated shared structure. Prophet Muhammad asked a Bedouin who had left his camel unfastened, ‘Why do you not tie your camel? ’ The B

Heliopolis Creation Story - Free Essay Example

At first, there was nothing in the world but a vast ocean of chaos, which was named Nu. There was nothing in the world except Nu. There was no sky, no land, no up, no down, nothing. Using his pure thoughts and force of his will, Atum came to be. Atum was the first of the primordial Egyptian gods. He created a hill because there was nowhere he could stand. Now there was only Nu and Atum in the world. Atum was lonely, so he joined with his shadow to produce a son and daughter. He named his son Shu and made him the god of the air. He named his daughter Tefnut and made her the goddess of mist and moisture. Shu and Tefnut married and gave birth to Geb and Nut. At first, they were tangled together, so Shu pushed Nut up into the heavens. Nut became the sky goddess and Geb the earth god. They were destined to be together, but they had to be separate to fulfill their functions as the earth and sky. Nut and Geb gave birth to Isis, Hathor, Osiris, Set, Thoth, and Nephthys. One day Shu and Tefnut got lost in the waters of Nu. At this time Atum had only one eye. He sent it to search for Shu and Tefnut. While the eye was out looking for his children, Atum fashioned himself a new eye. When the eye returned with his kids, Atum wept tears of joy. When the tears hit the ground, they became the first men. Worship and Pharaohs The Egyptians believed that they should worship the gods. They offered sacrifices, pleasing the gods. Sometimes, they would offer sacrifices for things like keeping their temples and pyramids safe. The pharaohs (the rulers of a part of Egypt) were said to have divine powers, so citizens worshipped the gods and the pharaohs. Around 3000 BC, a man named Narmer united the upper and lower halves of Egypt. He became a ruler of all of a\Ancient Egypt, the first true pharaoh.

How to Construct a Great French Language Resume

Age Rituals For Females The Bat Mitzvah, The...

Within the human lifespan, there are milestones setups that are in increments based on how many times we have revolved around the Sun. The ride around the Sun starts the day we are born, and each time we have made a full revolution we celebrate a birthday. Interestingly enough, cultures around the world have decided that after so many birthdays, a child has reached the coming of age and is celebrated through some type of ritual. I quote the coming of age because it is practiced differently from culture to culture. However, the underlying similarity is that it marks the time in which a child has reached a milestone in life that a society now views them as an adult. For this paper, I will investigate three coming of age rituals for females: the Bat Mitzvah, the Quinceanera, and the Sunrise Ceremony. To begin, the Bat Mitzvah is the coming of age ceremony for the girls in the Jewish community. The first coming of age ceremony for a female Jew is dated back to 1817 at a synagogue in Berl in. It was not until 1922 when the first Bat Mitzvah celebrated for Judith Kaplin was recognized. (Hilton, 2014 p. 106-107) A girl celebrates her Bat Mitzvah at the age of twelve and one days. The age for this coming of age celebration was determined by a story in the Midrash: As Esau at the age of thirteen went off to worship idols, his father Isaac was relieved by responsibility for him (p. 1). According to our society, she is not even a teenager, yet the Jewish religion sees her as an

Program Logic Engage and External Evaluator †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Program Logic Engage and External Evaluator. Answer: Purpose The program was created in response to the rapid proliferation and steady rise in the number of cases due to open defecation on the shoreline and into water bodies, subsequently resulting in the increase of water-borne diseases. It is aimed at promoting the use of latrines in order to counter open defecation-related outcomes (Horwitz et al, 2016). The program is largely dedicated to advocating for the use of latrines, observing sanitation in compliance with health policies. It is also aimed at improving the economic conditions of the region by protecting marine life which is the primary source of livelihood through countering cases of open defecation near water bodies. It is aimed at enforcing projects to develop, update and enhance clean surroundings, sanitation, and economic development (Vyas et al. 2014). It seeks to establish new measures of construction, availability, and use of latrines. Program objectives To improve and reconstruct the economic status of residents To counter the spread of water-borne diseases To enforce the use and availability of latrines in every homestead To introduce measures to prevent water contaminations To ensure marine life is protected from extinction To counter open defecation In this evaluation, three broad categories of key evaluation questions are used to assess whether the program is appropriate, effective and efficient. Appropriateness questions To what extent does the program address the identified need? Is the program being implemented correctly? Effectiveness question To what extent does the program achieving the intended outcomes? To what extent is the program producing worthwhile results? What were unintended outcomes produced? Efficiency questions To what extent is the relationship between inputs and outputs timely and to expected standards? What has been the ratio of costs to benefits? Methodologies Observation It is a way of gathering data by watching behavior, events, watching physical characteristics of the study subject (O'NEILL and KUBANY, 1959). Surveys Surveys and protocols for interviews are used to capture information about a program. The researchers select a portion of the population in which they major their study on. In the context, the group selects several homesteads to study from them (Tourangeau et al. 2011). Interviews and questionnaire Interviews can be conducted in person or via digital platforms to collect information about the program and the modification to be made. The audience is given the opportunity to air their opinions and suggestions about the program. Deliverables The program leads to improvement of sanitation in Itaukei village which is hindered by continuous open defection. This has been done through establishing latrines few meters from the households and thus addressing the problem of inadequate latrines in the area. The program is championing the prevention and spread of water-borne diseases in the village by addressing its causes and offering remedies to counter the diseases. The environment and marine life are preserved by use of measures introduced by the program, and since fishing is the main economic activity in the region, the economic stability is restored and poverty level reduced Context and Stakeholders information The program incorporates several stakeholders who provide capital and the necessary funding. Some stakeholders can be involved in designing and conduction the evaluation. They are informed about the progress of the program through stakeholder meetings, reports and other means of communication. Red Cross can be involved in education and public awareness campaigns to ensure that the community understands the need for the program. The local government as the main stakeholder of the program, have a direct impact on the program and its approval and support act as the stepping stone for the commencement of the program. References Coffey, D., Gupta, A., Hathi, P., Khurana, N., Spears, D., Srivastav, N. and Vyas, S., 2014. Revealed preference for open defecation.Economic Political Weekly,49(38), p.43. Groves, R.M., Fowler Jr, F.J., Couper, M.P., Lepkowski, J.M., Singer, E. and Tourangeau, R., 2011.Survey methodology(Vol. 561). John Wiley Sons. Jenkins, A.P., Jupiter, S., Mueller, U., Jenney, A., Vosaki, G., Rosa, V., Naucukidi, A., Mulholland, K., Strugnell, R., Kama, M. and Horwitz, P., 2016. Health at the sub-catchment scale: typhoid and its environmental determinants in Central Division, Fiji.EcoHealth,13(4), pp.633-651. O'NEILL, H.E. and KUBANY, A.J., 1959. Observation methodology and supervisory behavior.Personnel Psychology,12(1), pp.85-95.

Psychology Meditation Websters Dictionary Defines Meditation As To Ref

Psychology Meditation Webster's dictionary defines meditation as "to reflect on; ponder, to engage in contemplation," which it really is, although, many people believe that meditation is a means of developing a more spiritual or religious life. Meditation does not necessarily have to be religious. Many people just meditate to relax or organize their thoughts. Meditation is a very broad subject since there are many ways in which to perform meditation. Not only are there many ways but, there are also many different religions associated with meditation. Not only is meditation good for the soul but, it is also good for the mind. I myself have experimented with meditation and have found it to be very relaxing and at the same time stimulating. One way to perform meditation is to first find a comfortable place to sit or lie down. Then you must have a precise, intense focus on one object. Follow and control your breath and note all of your body sensations or track the sequence of your though ts. Second, be allowing to any thoughts that may enter your head. Be spacious and open- hearted. This is excellent for the mind. Another form that is good for the body is body relaxation. First lie on your back on the floor, a supportive bed or a couch. Close your eyes and rest for a moment. Wait for a feeling of readiness. When you are ready to begin, tighten all the muscles that you can, but never tighten them to the point of discomfort. Hold this for thirty seconds. Next pay close attention to the sensation you feel and remember it. Then let all your muscles go and allow them to relax. Compare the feeling that you are feeling to the one that you had just felt minutes ago. After a few minutes repeat this but, allow your muscles to relax for a longer amount of time. Yoga, another form of meditation, teaches an eightfold path beginning with the acquisition of pure moral attitudes, proceeding through practices of breath control and postures designed to allow a person to concentrate without having his or her mind distracted by outside forces. By concentrating on progressively more abstract concepts the person achieves higher and higher meditative states, culminating in a contentless trance that constitutes liberation. Yogis, people that perform yoga, in more advanced stages of this process are said to be gifted with remarkable powers , such as special capacities for sight, an ability to levitate and to project their minds into other bodies, and so on. Religion is a major factor in meditation. Many people meditate to grow more in tune with their spiritual life. The religion of Taoism uses meditation as a way to find the way of harmony in life. Zen Buddhism uses meditation to see into your true nature and realize enlightenment. Buddhism is another form of religion that is based on meditation that is similar to Zen Buddhism. Buddhists use meditation as a way to release their inner illusion. Meditation is not used for religious purposes only. It may also be used to relax or dig deep into a persons soul. Meditation brings out the union of opposites. Due to this the yin-yang symbol is associated with meditation. Within the white there is black and within the black there is white. Both intervene. Some radical doctors will know prescribe meditation instead of pain kills or drugs to relax a person. They do this because meditation has no harmful side effects and can be done by anyone. The only thing meditation can do is to help an individual calm themselves and have clearer thoughts. Meditation has been found to improve mental health by reducing biochemical indicators of stress, decreasing anxiety, and enhancing psychological development. In Sweden the National Health Board conducted a nationwide epidemiological study that found that hospital admissions for psychiatric care for people that meditated was 150-200 times less common to people that did not meditate. Increased intelligence is another benefit of meditation. It has been found that college students that practice meditation over a two year period have a higher nonverbal IQ. All in all meditation is a healthy practice to do. You should be aware of the many

Free Essays on Colonials To Provincials

The conclusion that the author of a history book comes to is directly related to the point of view with which he or she undertakes the writing. Such is the case with Jon Butler’s Becoming America: The Revolution before 1776, and Ned C. Landsman’s From Colonials to Provincials: American Thought and Culture 1680-1760. Both authors are examining the same period of time, 1680 to 1760, and most likely looked at much of the same material while researching for their respective works. Yet the two authors come to two completely different conclusions. This paper will look at the similarities between the two books, but also the differences, which led the authors to their different conclusions. The first and most important similarity between these two books is that do deal with the same period of time 1680 to 1760. This is important to look at because of the separate conclusions that they have come to. Another similarity is that Butler and Landsman share is that they both look at the middle colonies consisting of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. This is somewhat different from many previous texts on this period, in that previous works often dealt with the New England colonies or Virginia. Both Butler and Landsman handle the issue of immigration to the colonies, however Butler and Landsman’s opinions on the effects of immigration on the colonies and colonial society differ from each other. While Butler and Landsman examined the same period and for the most part the same geographic location. The perspective with which each author viewed the material, contributed to the two arriving at such different conclusions. It will be easiest to examine the reasons for these differing conclusions by examining each individually. In Becoming America: The Revolution before 1776, Jon Butler has examined how Britain’s mainland colonies became the first modern society, by focusing on their Socio-Political and Economic transforma... Free Essays on Colonials To Provincials Free Essays on Colonials To Provincials The conclusion that the author of a history book comes to is directly related to the point of view with which he or she undertakes the writing. Such is the case with Jon Butler’s Becoming America: The Revolution before 1776, and Ned C. Landsman’s From Colonials to Provincials: American Thought and Culture 1680-1760. Both authors are examining the same period of time, 1680 to 1760, and most likely looked at much of the same material while researching for their respective works. Yet the two authors come to two completely different conclusions. This paper will look at the similarities between the two books, but also the differences, which led the authors to their different conclusions. The first and most important similarity between these two books is that do deal with the same period of time 1680 to 1760. This is important to look at because of the separate conclusions that they have come to. Another similarity is that Butler and Landsman share is that they both look at the middle colonies consisting of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. This is somewhat different from many previous texts on this period, in that previous works often dealt with the New England colonies or Virginia. Both Butler and Landsman handle the issue of immigration to the colonies, however Butler and Landsman’s opinions on the effects of immigration on the colonies and colonial society differ from each other. While Butler and Landsman examined the same period and for the most part the same geographic location. The perspective with which each author viewed the material, contributed to the two arriving at such different conclusions. It will be easiest to examine the reasons for these differing conclusions by examining each individually. In Becoming America: The Revolution before 1776, Jon Butler has examined how Britain’s mainland colonies became the first modern society, by focusing on their Socio-Political and Economic transforma...

Buyer Remedies Of A Contract

Buyer Remedies Of A Contract Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . Buyer Remedies Of A Contract The general rules of a contract required from either the seller or the buyer is to comply with their obligations. Therefore, the seller is expected to do his obligation and the buyer is also expected to oblige, but sometimes one party may breach the contract in many ways. For example, the seller may deliver the goods to the buyer late or the delivered goods fail to conform to the standards which are set by the agreement between them. However, in some cases the buyer may breach the contract by not paying the price of the goods.   [ 1 ]   When the breach of contract happens, the injured party may claim for remedies or damages which are available to both the buyer and the seller. This essay, however, will only deal with the buyer remedies. (perhaps say why) It may be generally said that if the parties have not chosen remedies in their contractual relationship, the law which governs the contract will apply in this case. It appears that the remedies whi ch are available for the buyer for breach of contract are different from form to form.   [ 2 ]   These remedies for instance seem to be more elaborated in the Vienna Convention 1980 on Contract for The International Sale of Goods (CISG) compared with English Sale of Goods Act 1979.   [ 3 ]   Therefore the buyer under the CISG has many remedies such as specific performance, more time (Nachfrist) and price reduction. However, under the (SGA) 1979 these remedies are very limited such as termination and damages.   [ 4 ]   It could be said that this difference for the buyer remedies existence due to the CISG being designed to consider the characteristics of the international trade such as the long distance between the parties which increases the cost of transportation.   [ 5 ]    This paper will not examine all the buyer remedies, instead it will just examine one remedy: specific performance. This will be analyzed in two different approaches which are the CISG approach an d the common law approach, in particular the English law act (SGA 1979). Additionally, there has been much debate about whether the specific performance remedy under the Vienna Convention is more useful than the specific performance remedy under the English Law for international sales transactions. Hence, this paper is going to examine and analyze this argument in more detail. Specific Performance under the Vienna Convention on contract for the International Sale Of Goods One of the buyer remedies is specific performance. The main provision dealing with this remedy is Article 46, which states that: (1) The buyer may require performance by the seller of his obligations unless the buyer has resorted to remedy which is inconsistent with this requirement. (2) If the goods do not conform with the contract, the buyer may require delivery of substitute goods only if the lack of conformity constitutes a fundamental breach of contract and a request for substitute goods is made either in conj unction with notice given under article 39 or within a reasonable time thereafter. (3) If the goods do not conform to contract, the buyer may require the seller to remedy the lack of conformity by repair, unless this is unreasonable having regard to all the circumstances. A request for repair must be made either in conjunction with notice given under article 39 or within a reasonable time thereafter.   [ 6 ]

Altar Cross, 12th century Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Altar Cross, 12th century - Research Paper Example The history of Altar Cross is associated with the Abbey of Bury Saint Edmunds. The Altar Cross is the only handy item of religious significance which contains brief historic record and expression of the followers. The five pieces of walrus tusk integrate to form Altar Cross which contains ninety-two figures and ninety-eight inscriptions. The inscriptions on the Altar Cross revealed the hatred shared by Jews against Jesus; this cross contains certain statements and inscriptions against Jesus. The historic facts indicate that strong resentment which prevailed among the dwellers in England, and is evidence of the anti-Semitism in the English society. The origin of this cross is with the time frame of 12th century, because it was in 13th century when the Jewish were expelled from England. The Altar Cross was reunited with the central plague in fourteenth-century. A group of historian believe that Altar Cross has Catalan or Aragonese origin. The paintings of the few Italians in the period of Medieval and Renaissance confirmed the existence of the crosses in the churches. These crosses were installed in the churches as mark of respect for Jesus. The Altar Cross has been â€Å"installed upon pedestal in the centre of the altar" (Benson, 2003); this position is regarded because of its supreme importance. The cross is widely popular among the followers, and is regarded as "simple in design and inexpensive, or most elaborate and valuable" (Benson, 2003). The Altar Cross depicts the history of Christianity, and the brutality experienced by the Christians under Jewish command. Christianity has remained victim of desolation, terror, abuse and anguish; the Altar Cross is the symbolic representation of all these acts of violence faced by Christians and validates the vigour, zeal and courage with which the community fought and emerged victorious. The inexpensive Altar Cross is made of "wood, brass, bronze, copper and pewter" (George, 2003). However with

Needs Assessment of the Diabetic Patient Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Needs Assessment of the Diabetic Patient - Essay Example Diabetes II finds that insulin is produced by the pancreas but it is ineffective in carrying out total body functions where the insulin is desperately needed to be regulated (Rubin 1999). Furthermore, just as this current patient faces issues of obesity, many adult patients who suffer with Diabetes II are quite regularly classified as being moderately overweight to points of morbid obesity as well which again is an issue that further complicates the treatment process. Since insulin therapy is ineffective in the treatment and management of Diabetes II and also because the majority of people with this form of diabetes are obese the most popular and beneficial treatment regimens that have been implemented into the care of patients has been an appropriate exercise routine with proper diet and nutrition mapped out for them. Seemingly this would be the appropriate guidelines for the current patient. Therefore the two main goals of the management plan for this patient will be to decrease hi s weight with an exercise program and to monitor his dietary and fluid intake on a weekly basis as well. Firstly, before an in-depth management program can begin with this patient there needs to be an initial development of a good interpersonal relationship between the primary care manager and the patient himself. Because patients with Diabetes II are sometimes severely obese the medical provider needs to have the clear awareness that this patient might suffer with depression and anxiety due to his physical appearance. Therefore, it should be the goal of the care giver to build a position of trust and faith between him or herself and the patient in order to provide a high quality care plan to manage the Diabetes (Aggleton & Chalmers 2000). Nurses who use an interpersonal approach have been found to be able to correctly assist patients in planning a strategic alternative to gaining control over a disease such as Diabetes II. This is due to the fact that an interpersonal approach utilizes techniques that are more thorough than a traditional nurse/ patient evaluation. For instance, the sk ills used are normally observing, questioning, examining, and testing and measuring to ascertain whether the patient will be able to meet the set goals being designed for them (Roper et al 1996). It is believed that this type of approach will be best for this patient in that it will build the proper relationship in order to work as a joint team in the management of the patients' illness. Furthermore, with regard to correctly acquiring this patient's information so that medical treatment and evaluation can be carried out, nurses and all medical care providers have to be careful not to tread over the stipulations that the NMC has specified when working with patients. This specific code states that, "nurses should protect all confidential information concerning patients obtained in the course of professional practices and make disclosure only with consent" (NMC 2002). This of course draws on the ethical and legal aspects of properly caring

Choctaw indians :: essays research papers

The Choctaw Indians   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Choctaw Indians is a tribe of Musksgean stock .The Choctaws were once part of a larger tribe that included the Greeks and Seminoles and are considered one of the five civilized tribes (Cherokees , Greeks, Choctaws , Seminoles, and Chickasaws) . At one time Choctaw territory extended from Mississippi to Georgia, but by the time Europeans began to arrive in North America they were primarily in Mississippi and Louisiana.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Choctaw Indians were into cultivation , they hunted and raised corn along with a host of other crops. One of their chief religious ceremonies was a harvest celebration called , â€Å"The green corn dance.† According to one legend, the Choctaw were created at a sacred mound called Nanih Waiya, near Noxapater ,Mississippi.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1540, the Spanish explorer Hernando De Soto led the first European expedition through Choctaw territory. Fighting broke out after the Choctaw refused to supply the Spaniards with a guide and transportation. The Spaniards were in the wrong because the Choctaw Indians were friendly especially with the French and allied with them during the intercolonial wars between France and England . Some Choctaws fought with Jackson at New Orleans against the British.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1830, the United States Government passed the Indian removal Act. This act called for Eastern Indians to be moved West to make room for white settlers. The Government then forced the Choctaw to sign the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek. The Treaty exchanged the Tribe’s Eastern land for an area in the Indian territory, in what is now Oklahoma.

Myths: Education and Family

Interpreting and understanding myths depend on an individual’s personal views, beliefs, and ideas. With that in mind, the myth regarding the nuclear family and the myth of education and empowerment are all interpreted differently and argued, for and against, in many ways. Both have been perceived negatively by society, yet they have not always been a harmful folktale. Rather, the myth that education can improve someone’s life has been used, year after year, to motivate the youth in order to improve their own personal lifestyle.The myth of the nuclear family has also been used over and over again by the media as a prospective goal for everyone who wants to start a family. Although the passing of time has changed the perception of both myths throughout our society, to many, including myself, these myths continue to provide hope for a better life and a traditional family. Imposing the myth of the ideal family, which the media depicts as white, semi-rich and happy with â₠¬Å"†¦no rifts†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Soto 29) is what negatively impacts society because no one should set a standard on what a family should be like.As a result of this misconception, the ideal family has become the ultimate goal for couples who want the best for their children. Take Gary Soto’s â€Å"Looking for Work,† and picture an eight year old Mexican-American boy, who felt the need to change his family because he wanted them to act like the white families portrayed in television shows, like Leave it to Beaver. Why do these individuals have the need to create â€Å"the perfect family† portrayed by the media?According to Soto, as a child, he â€Å"†¦tried to convince [his family] that if [they] improved the way [they] looked [they] might get along better in life†¦ White people would like [them] more†¦ [White people] might not hate [them] so much† (30). Although the myth of the family has been attributed negative qualities because it crea tes a false sense of reality, it has, for many years, been the underlying reason why couples start a family of their own.For instance, if a couple could not decide on the number of children, they could turn to the myth and consider starting with two because the myth implies that an ideal family consists of â€Å"†¦Dad, Mom, a couple of kids, maybe a dog, [living in] a spacious suburban home†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Colombo et al. 18). Even though society has accepted the meaning of family to be between a man and a woman, moreover, it is evident that in the America of today there are families composed of same-sex couples. The myth however, was not created to incorporate same-sex couples as part of the efinition, as it is explicitly described in page 18 of â€Å"Harmony at Home:† †¦the traditional vision of the ideal nuclear family-Dad, Mom†¦remains surprisingly strong. †This myth has become so ingrained in society that even after the idea of the nuclear family stil l receives extensive support. Even the famous archaeologist, Margaret Mead, commented on the belief of the ideal nuclear family â€Å"As far back as our knowledge takes us, human beings have lived in families. We know of no period where this was not so.We know of no people who have succeeded for long in dissolving the family or displacing it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (New World Encyclopedia). Similar to the myth of the nuclear family, the myth of education and empowerment introduces two different sides of the spectrum- the idea that education is not for everyone, as seen by John Taylor Gatto in â€Å"Against School,† and the idea that education does improve someone’s life, as seen by Malcolm X in â€Å"Learning to Read. † The literal interpretation of the myth shows education as a symbol of success and as the gateway to fulfill the American dream (Colombo et al. 11). Education, moreover, has not always been perceived negatively by society because to many people education r epresents social mobility and a shot for a better life. While there may be some frustration with the educational system, education, according to the myth, will always serve those who seek to better their lives and who want to be someone in life, as long they are not limited to the quality of education offered. However, the reality is that minorities have continuously faced obstacles that impeded them from receiving a high-quality education.For instance, if an individual comes from an affluent household, then as students they are more likely to receive a better educational foundation than an individual who goes to a lower or middle class school (Anyon 173). As a result of Jean Anyon’s findings, it is evident that social class plays a prominent role to the type of education that a student receives especially if â€Å"knowledge of skills leading to social power and regard (medical, legal, managerial) are made available to the advantaged social groups but are withheld from worki ng classes, to whom a more practical curriculum is offered (manual skills, clerical knowledge)† (170).But what if we, as a society, had followed what President John F. Kennedy mentioned in his 1960 senatorial speech that â€Å"†¦ we [need] to rededicate ourselves to the principle of equal educational opportunity for all regardless of race, place of birth, or wealth. † Our society would be improved greatly, and the educational knowledge would be dispersed equally amongst all of the citizens; no one would be given a better education because everyone would receive the same quality.The significance that the education and empowerment myth has in society is that one: people who believe in education are more likely to finish their schooling because it symbolizes an achievement and because it emphasizes the credibility of what the United States represents-freedom, happiness, and success. Secondly, if an individual like Gatto believes that education is a waste of time (148) , then people will become discouraged and therefore there is a higher probability that these individuals will â€Å"fail† to fulfill the American Dream.The reason I am generalizing this concept and associating failure with not finishing high school or college, is because of the way that I grew up and the sacrifices that my parents had to endure in order for all their children to have the best education possible; to my parents, not finishing school is like giving up in life, and throwing all their sacrifices down the trash chute.Lastly, the belief that education brings you power and offers you an open door for a better life, has impacted society, because as the country progressed into the new era way before the revolutions that this country had to endure, such as the Civil Rights Movement and women’s suffrage, education was not opened to everyone. As time went by and people fought for their liberties, education became a universal liberty, rather than a right given to se lected individuals. All in all, the myth of the nuclear family and the myth of education and empowerment have not always been interpreted as negative ideas by society.They may have been by a few people, but the feeling was not mutually shared by everyone. Both myths served as motivational ideas that influenced people like Gary Soto and Malcolm X, to have the desire to try new things, even if what Soto wanted to try could have change his family completely; and the things Malcolm X wanted to experience, improved his capacity to learn and educate himself. Although, the myth of the nuclear family has not changed because it has not accepted same-sex couples, the myth of education and empowerment has changed with respect to who it is being applied to.In other words, the interpretation of the myth will vary with people from different backgrounds. For instance, to a Mexican like me, education is a gateway to a better life. To a Chinese person, education represents honor and recognition from his or her family. Lastly, the myths of education and the nuclear family gives us, the citizens of the United States, hope for a better life or a perfect family, depending on one’s respective point of view. Works Cited Anyon, Jean. â€Å"Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work. 1980. Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. By Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. Vol. 162. Boston: Bedford of St. Martin's, 2010. 169-85. Print. First appeared in the Journal of Education. Colombo, Gary, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. â€Å"Harmony at Home: The Myth of the Model Family. † Introduction. Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Boston: Bedford of St. Martin's, 2010. 17-21. Print. Colombo, Gary, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. Learning Power: The Myth of Education and Empowerment. † Introduction. Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Boston: Bedford of S t. Martin's, 2010. 109-15. Print. Colombo, Gary, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Boston: Bedford of St. Martin's, 2010. Print. Gatto, John Taylor. Against School. 2003. Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. By Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle.Boston: Bedford of St. Martin's, 2010. 148-55. Print. This selection originally appeared in Harper's magazine. John F. Kennedy:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Speech by Senator John F. Kennedy, Beverly Hilton Hotel, Los Angeles, CA – (Advance Release Text),† November 2, 1960. Web. 22 Oct 2012. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,  The American Presidency Project. http://www. presidency. ucsb. edu/ws/? pid=25930. Marriage Equality USA. Prop 8 Hurt My Family – Ask Me How. 2009. Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing.By Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. Boston: Bedford of St. Martin's, 2010. 84-88. Print. New World Encyclopedia. â€Å"Margaret Mead. †Ã‚  New World Encyclopedia. New World Encyclopedia, 16 Nov. 2011. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. ;http://www. newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/Margaret_Mead;. Soto, Gary. â€Å"Looking for Work. †Ã‚  Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. By Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. Boston: Bedford of St. Martin's, 2010. 26-31. Print.

Brutality in Algeria Essay - 1347 Words

In Algeria, an African country, there is a civil war raging. The radicles are ruthless and will do anything to ensure their victory. Their ultimate goal is to take over the country, to rule it on their own (Hafez). They were ruthless and heartless and did not care who got in their way. This country has been struggling to maintain civilization to no prevail. This country has been struggling for quite some time now it is about time for it to pull itself back together and regroup. If it does not the results could possibly be catastrophic. The country could fall to the radicles and become a total anarchy. Meaning there is no government and everyone lives with their own rules. During this civil war the government is falling to the radicles.†¦show more content†¦This indicated that the radicles were afraid of smart women. Being smart is to be powerful and that is the opposite of what these terrorist wanted. One woman was speaking out against women being treated differently and her father was killed that way she had to suffer. Life for women is rough in Algeria due to them being in this war with the radicle Islamics. The women are much weaker than the men therefore they believe that women cannot do the same thing that they do, which is where most of the sexism comes from.During the war women played parts in mostly helping out the troops, also another reason they were targeted. Women are equal to men regardless of what is said. Most countries are past this chapter in history and women are not totally equal, but a lot closer than this one. The women are beaten for not complying with request. Forced to be sex slaves to the radicles they are captured by. Also being killed for being intelligent or being powerful as well as speaking out against these crimes. After their capture the radicles work them like dogs doing whatever they ask and when they are done they either release them or kill them depending on how well they complied. Sometimes the radicles did not even give the women a chance they simply killed them out of cold blood, just because they could. The sexism was so bad that some men wouldn’t let their wives go outside for fear of them being snatched up and killed. Along with sexism in Algeria the government is notShow MoreRelatedGillo Pontecorvos The Battle of Algiers973 Words   |  4 Pagesstory in the year 1957, the complex temporal structure is evident as we regress to the year 1954, here the film traces the transformation of Ali La Pointe from petty criminal to nationalist martyr. Film of contrasts/Simplicity of France against Algeria In the opening shot, the FLN and the French military are cinematically pitched against each other through the use of long and close shots. As the camera pans in close shot, both left to right and then right to left, all four faces of the revolutionariesRead MoreThe Cold War and Decolonization1646 Words   |  7 PagesPresident Roosevelt included a clause in the Atlantic Charter to let African colonies free. Although France, Belgium, and Portugal did not agree with the United Nation’s request and it resulted in violent wars. Algeria and the Congo went through several struggles to gain independence. Algeria was controlled by the French in the 1800’s. Europeans started to overpopulate the area in order to decrease the population of Muslims. The French allowed Europeans full citizenship, but the Muslim Algerians didRead MoreImperialism, The Middle East, And East Asia990 Words   |  4 Pagesimperialism, portraying the East as a place of backwardness, lawlessness, and savagery enlightened and disciplined by French rule. 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Whilst Pontecorvo employs a chiaroscuroRead MoreSlave Trade and Colonialism1306 Words   |  6 Pagesth e ships would have suffered sever psychological as well as physical trauma. Slaves were chained together, often to those who had already died; they were unable to exercise, were fed from communal bowls and provided with minimal sanitation. The brutality aboard was too awful for words captives endured daily beatings, female slaves were raped and maybe the worst of all was the murder of helpless innocent children born aboard the ship they were merely tossed over the side. The third, and final, stageRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil Rights Movement1260 Words   |  6 Pagescausalities of the racist society in which he lived. It was his trip to Mecca which allowed him to understand the defects that the Nation of Islam imposed even within their religion, but were mainly your trip to United Arab Republic, Egypt, Nigeria, Algeria and other African countries, which gave it a new perspective, internationalist and revolutionary. He realized then that the racial problem in America was neither isolated nor independent fact, and further understand that racism was neither the onlyRead MoreThe Iran Hostage Crisis and the United States1146 Words   |  5 Pagescrisis. Most Americans initially took this act personally and it caused extreme patriotism throughout the nation. The media had not covered much of Iran, only a little about the revolution and the television show, 60 Minutes, did a segment on SAVAK brutality. The media praised the Shah’s d efeat, even though he was supported by the American government. When the Iran Hostage Crisis broke out, the media stopped covering the revolution and only reported on Americans in danger as well as Iranian hatred

Mobile Phone Innovation Essay

Mobile Phone Innovation Essay Introduction Innovation and creativity have played a very important role to the development of technology. The two have mostly had a very close link with human life. Creativity has been serving as a very significant survival skill beginning from the time human beings came in to existence. It has helped human beings to move beyond what worked in the past in each and every undertaking, and discovering fresh approaches. More recently, there have been significant changes in the global economy, which make it completely vital for any country to make its technological competitiveness to be sharper, and this is a direct product of the nation’s innovative ability. At the present day, there is representation of the scenario by the phenomena such as the improved occurrence of innovations, making techno-economic life cycles shorter, swift creation and commercialization of the upcoming technologies, transnationals globalization, â€Å"strategic alliancing of large firms, intensive RD programs, difficu lty in accessing critical technologies, large multi-country RD projects, large countries being threatened by newly industrialized countries and such others, in each of which overriding influence has been that of innovation† (Bhat, n.d, p.1). In essence, innovation and creativity have enabled human beings to come up with solutions to the problems that arise or to deal with the necessities facing them. Over time, there has been advancement in technology and this has come up as a result of making appropriate efforts to be creative and innovative. t the present, one of the most important innovations that have been made is the invention and development of the mobile phone. Long time before human beings came to know mobile phones, they communicated using smoke. Few years later, the bird was invented as being a communication messenger (Catung.com, 2011). Taking the case in China, there was invention of paper and ink which enabled people to write messages and pass them to others. In the current times, people are familiar with the mobile phone. They are making use of it as being a medium of communication. This device is supported by the internet network. Through the use of the internet network, one is able to communicate with other people across the world (Catung.com, 2011). The focus of this paper is to look at the mobile phone as being one of the most important innovations that has been made in the human history. The Global Picture of the Mobile Phone The mobile phones are currently the dominant technology which the youths define themselves with. The kind of phone one carries and the way the phone is customized says a lot about who one is (The Economist, 2008). The mobile phone is currently not just a â€Å"must have’† device in the developed countries. In the established market, the uptake has approached a â€Å"saturation point† and as per 2004, there were about 51 million users in the United Kingdom (Banks Burge, 2004). As on one hand the demand for these phones tends to be â€Å"unquenchable†, on the other hand, it is after all just a technology. At all times, there will be more pressing needs. However, it is a technology which has the prospect to bring in a positive impact in the human lives (Aurigi, 2006). The innovation rate in the mobile phone industry is quite unique and this is in regard to the handset innovation as well as the range of services that are offered. In the course of the past few years, the mobile phone has turned out to the main information communication device â€Å"spurred on by the earlier introduction of text messaging and the more recent mobile internet services (Wireless Application Protocol, WAP)† (Banks Burge, 2004, p.9). During the initial years of its invention, there was over-hyping of WAP and its promotion was poor to doubtful public and this resulted in disappointing the public. However, in the more recent times, as pointed out by Banks Burge (2004), â€Å"the introduction on some phones of color screens, polyphonic sounds, build-in cameras, and innovative operating systems enabled WAP-related services to come of age, and servcies such as Vodafone live are a testament to how far things have come† (Banks Burge, 2004, p.9). Having innovation racing ahead in the developed countries, there is a threat of the developing nations being left behind, technologically. The suitably titled â€Å"digital divide† â€Å"was already an issue, with emphasis on access to telephones, computers and the internet† (Banks Burge, 2004, p.10). For a number of reasons, the mobile phones have been in a position to â€Å"leapfrog† some obstacles, and following this, they have gotten themselves at the front position of the â€Å"digital divide† debate (Banks Burge, 2004). Individuals in some of the poor nations in the world are now accessible to the mobile phones. Banks Burge (2004) points out that â€Å"addressing their specific needs, and supporting and encouraging the use of mobile technology as a force for positive social and environmental change presents the industry with unique challenges and opportunities† (Banks Burge, 2004,p.10). Developed world perspective The mobile phone has turned out to be an integral part of the people’s daily life. In a large number of countries, over a half the population has mobile phones and in some of the developing countries, these phones are mostly the only means of telecommunication of the people (Vodafone, 2005). Other than the questions that have not yet been answered that relate to health, the positive utilization of the mobile phones rests greatly in our hands, those of the government, when it comes to the safety regulations as well as the environmental issues, it rests in the hands of operators who can take the necessary measures to make sure there is smooth integration of the technology in to the society in regard to equipment design as well as aesthetics, and through measures that assist in the training of people in the mobile phone etiquette; in employers’ hands who can make necessary efforts to make sure that the employees that have the corporate mobiles are not abused; and eventuall y, in the hands of the users, who are supposed to develop a higher level of knowledge and work in order to make sure that their use of the mobile phones does not impact them in a negative way; impacting their lives as well as those people around them (International Telecommunications Union, 2004). It is of very great significance to have recognition that the mobile phone innovations in the United Kingdom â€Å"in support of developmental, environmental and conservation needs could easily be adapted in the rest of the world† (Banks Burge, 2004, p.10). In Europe, projects have been set up, that make use of mobile phone technology in order to support the environmental activities as well as socio-economic development. These encompass passing over data to the doctors in order to make it possible to have remote diagnosis and offer patient support and farmers being in a position to engage in the updating of livestock databases through GPRS on the mobile handset among other initiatives. By getting knowledge from these initiatives, there can be transferring of knowledge countries and be adapted in line with the specific needs and context and skills to the developing. Such kind of learning as well as innovation calls for the need to have resources and much commitment. The â€Å"Vodafone Group Foundation† has offered both of them, giving out a grant to FFI to engage in research project development in to the way â€Å"mobile technology can support international conservation and sustainable development efforts† (Banks Burge, 2004, p.11). It is a good indication that there are some mobile operators in Europe who have engaged in the publishing of the ‘Corporate Environmental and Social Responsibilities policies. This, with no doubt, is a good business practice and it as well serves to open up the opportunity for organizations like FFI to engage in the piloting and developing of applications for the conservation projects. Moreover, the CESR statements as well as activities of corporations are supposed to be monitored on a continual basis and there should be evaluation of their impact and improvement of their effectiveness. The big challenge will be to implement the newly developed policies. Developing World Perspective The unquenchable appetite for mobile phones of the African people has made Africa to be actually a profitable market for the â€Å"high-tech gadgets† which were introduced just less than twenty years ago. Since then, â€Å"the sales figures have masked a larger social story: how the proliferation of cell phones is changing Africans’ relationships with one another’ (Klonner Nolen, 2008, p15). The expansion of the mobile phone industry in such a country as Cameroon is being choked by costly mobile phone handsets, with a motorbike being less costly than a mobile phone. â€Å"Cameroonians are keen to be part of the world by using cellular telephones†¦cell phone manufacturers and network operators themselves are best placed to change this dire situation, but they seem unaware or uninterested in solving the problem† (Banks Burge, 2004, p.5). In a different way from other high-tech gadgets, the mobile phones are getting an easily accessible market in the developing nations. In these nations, there is a quite high demand, even if this industry is relatively a new one; the service providers in the industry seem to be highly profitable, especially operationally. Having some operators being in a position of making a profit within a few months of being in operation, there has recently been a scramble or partners and licenses (Banks Burge, 2004). Basing on history, the main reason why there has been a low uptake of a large number of ICTs in the developing nations lies in the cost of the equipment and also in the absence of the supporting infrastructure. In addition, the logistical problem, the great distances involved and lack of money and political will, have implied that expanding fixed line networks has moved at a very slow pace, and in some cases, it has not even been there. However, on the other hand, in considering the mobile phone technology, the implementation of this can be carried out without running the cables over long distances, and in most cases, the solar energy is always there as an alternative source of energy. Basing on such factors, together with the high demand, the opening up of the market (telecommunications), the readiness of the network operators to engage in the expansion of the coming up markets and relative easiness of implementing the network have caused the mobile phone to be the preferred communi cation method among people in the developing nations (Donner, 2008). Certainly, mobile phone technology uptake in particular cases has been overwhelming. Taking the case in Swaziland, the number of those people using the mobile phone overtook that of the fixed line subscribers in a period of within just two years (Banks Burge, 2004). The mobile phone servces like SMS have been seen to be popular among people in such places as the Philippines and in Bangladesh, by using the mobile phones, some villages have been connected to a modern communication network. Among the development practitioners, there are those who have been surprised following the idea that they initially thought that the mobile phone was a luxury good that could only be used by people in the developed countries and thus was not suitable for those who are in the developing nations. Considering the case in Africa, the demand by people for connectivity has been extraordinary. According to Banks Burge (2004), â€Å"the boom in mobile phone usage has largely been facilitated by the availability of cheap-pay-as-you-go SIM cards and recycled handsets, which has allowed even the poorest members of society to make and receive calls† (Banks Burge, 2004,p.12). The mobile phones as well as other wireless technologies have turned out to be the preferred communication medium options (International Telecommunication Union, 2003). The impact has also even been felt in the rural areas. It has been pointed out that the farmers in the rural areas are making use of the mobile phones to make sure they get the best prices for their farm produce, the small scale entrepreneurs are making use of the mobile to contact their customers and grandparents are able to communicate with their grandchildren as well as their children who are hundreds of kilometers away using the mobile phones (International Telecommunication Union, 2003). The positive impact of mobile phones can be felt when carrying out a comparison of what used to happen in the past and what is happening now. For instance, at the present, a farmer who may have maize and wants to sell can be able to communicate with the buyer using the mobile phone before delivering the goods to him. He can be able to confirm the price and the quantity that can be demanded. However, in the past, the farmer could just transport his commodities to the market without even being sure of getting the buyer who could buy at a favorable price. It is clear that there has been a high level of eagerness to have mobile phones by people in a large number of the developing nations, just in the same way there has been enthusiasm among those people who are in the developed countries, although for different reasons. In the African case, the use of mobile phone is partially attributed to their traditional culture. Taking the case in Nigeria, the average mobile phone, on a weekly basis, is used for two hundred minutes but in the United Kingdom, it is one hundred and twenty minutes (Banks Burge, 2004). But such higher usage may as well be attributed to such other factors as the absence of the landline facilities and emails, large family sizes as well as social networks. Whereas oral communication may be well-liked by people, the high illiteracy levels in some poor nations may cancel out people’s ability to use mobile phones for other functions like reading SMSs. In spite of all these, the mobile phone networks may not, at all time be cheap or flexible like other technologies. In some particular cases, like in Cameroon, the costs of the new mobile phone handsets can really prove to be a big obstacle. In addition, the mobile coverage can sometimes not be uniform. The mobile phone operators may start by concentrating their coverage in the large cities and gradually expand to the interior or rural areas while the markets mature. In the actual sense, though, a large number of Africans are using mobile phones to make calls. There is widening of the mobile phone coverage and the number of handsets is increasing and turning out to be available to the markets in the developing nations. Mobile Phone Coverage in Africa In the year 1999, the mobile phone coverage in Africa was 10 percent of the continent’s population and basically in the Northern Africa and South Africa (Aker Mbiti, 2010). By the year 2008, the percentage had risen to about 60 of the total population consisting of 477 million people having mobile phone coverage and the total area having 11.2 KM2 with mobile phone service. It is projected that by the year 2012, â€Å"most villages in Africa will have coverage, with only a handful of countries – Guinea Bissau, Ethiopia, Mali and Somalia – relatively unconnected† (Aker Mbiti, 2010, p.4). Large disparities have existed in the â€Å"geographic rollout† in this coverage â€Å"prompting concerns over an intra-African digital divide’ (International Telecommunications Union, 2008, p.5). By the year 1999, as mentioned earlier, a larger number of the African nations did not have mobile coverage and they were only such countries as Senegal, Morocco and Egypt in the North that were covered and also South Africa. By the year 2008, the coverage had increased substantially to about 65 percent of the African total population. At that point the percentage coverage in the northern region was 93 and 60 percent in the sub-Saharan Africa. In overall terms, the growth of the mobile phone coverage has been at the lowest point in such countries as Somalia, Ethiopia and Central and West African countries. Whereas the telecommunication industry in the developed world consisting of the European countries, the U.S and Canada carried out investment in the landlines before shifting to investing in the mobile phone networks, â€Å"the mobile phone has effectively leapfrogged the landline in Africa† (Aker Mbiti, 2010, p.4). Landlines are found to be more expensive because they involve installation of wires on every road in order to reach various places and households. But on the other hand, the mobile phone coverage in African nations is basically offered through a network of special base stations that can offer service within a radius of about 10 kilometers. Factors That Determine the Spread of Mobile Phone Coverage The expansion of the mobile phone coverage in Africa has given an indication of a powerful positive correlation with the population density. However, other factors also count. Buys, Dasgupta, Thomas, Wheeler (2009), found out that the probability of having a mobile phone tower in a certain area is strongly and positively correlated to possible demand factors and such factors include the per capita income, the population density and also the mobile phone industry competitiveness in the nation. These researchers found out this by using the â€Å"spatially disaggregated dataset† of the mobile phone coverage as well as the geographic characteristics. These researchers also found out that â€Å"factors associated with higher costs – namely, higher elevation, steeper slopes, and distance from a main road and major urban centers are negatively associated with mobile phone coverage† (Buys, Dasgupta, Thomas, Wheeler, 2009, p.17). Basing on empirical evidence, it is sug gested that these factors, in part, give an explanation of the rollout of mobile phone service in the countries as well, but rely on topographical features of a certain nation. Adopting Mobile phones In Africa, the mobile phone subscriptions have gone up to 376 million as per the year 2008 from 16 million in the year 2000. However, there is a possibility for these figures to have been overestimated and this is for the reason that people may possess several handsets or may have several SIM cards. On the other hand, the figure may have been underestimated because sharing of mobile phones is a practice that is widespread in Africa. The rise in the number of the mobile phone subscribers is something that is quite amazing, putting it in to consideration that the poverty prevalence is very high in Africa. In Africa, it is estimated that about three hundred million people are characterized as being poor and survive on less than a dollar per day and among these people, one hundred million are categorized as being ultra-poor and they survive on less than a half a dollar per day (IFPRI, 2007). Considering the price of the cheapest mobile phone in Kenya, this costs almost a half of the average monthly pay and in Nigeria, the cheapest phone costs 12.5 kilograms of millet, â€Å"enough to feed a household of five for five days† (Aker Mbiti, 2010, p.6). Conclusion Innovation has greatly contributed to the advancement of technology. By people being creative and innovative they have been able to come up with solutions to various problems facing them. A large number of innovations have been made in the human history. There has been the invention of motor vehicles which, through people’s innovative power, has been developed over time. At some point, an airplane was invention, and there was invention of the computer just but to name a few. All these innovations have been intended to make the human life better. The invention of the mobile phone is considered to be one of the most important inventions that have been done in human history during our days. The mobile phone has played a very big role of bringing people closer to each other even if they might be thousands of kilometers apart. This technology is a unique one and, unlike most of the other new technologies, one does not need to be literate for him or her to use it. Apart from using the mobile phone for talking directly with other people, this device enables one to access other services such as text messaging, and accessing internet servcies, listening to music, taking photographs among other functions. In the developed countries, the mobile phone is used for even more advanced functions. For instance, in the U.K, the mobile phone innovations is used in support of developmental, environmental and conservation needs and this is expected to be taken up even in the developing world. In the European countries, there has been setting up of projects which utilize mobile phone technology in order to support the environmental activities as well as socio-economic development. These encompass passing over data to the doctors in order to make it possible to have remote diagnosis and offer patient support. More so, farmers are in a position to engage in the updating of livestock databases through GPRS on the mobile handset among other initiatives. By getting knowledge from these initiatives, there can be transferring of knowledge and skills to the developing countries and be adapted in line with the specific needs and context. After realizing the importance of mobile phones, it is very surprising that poor countries have adopted this device at a very rapid rate. Despite the fact that the developing countries such as those that are in the Africa continent are poor and most of the people in the sub-Saharan Africa live on less than a dollar or even less than a half a dollar per day, this has not prevented them from buying the mobile phones and using them. It has also been realized that the spread of landlines in the developing countries went at a slower pace as compared to the spread of mobile phones. This is because the landlines involve installing posts along the roads to reach various parts of the country making it costly and time consuming. But considering mobile phones, their coverage in the developing countries is fundamentally offered through a network of special base stations that can offer service within a radius of approximately 10 kilometers. To sum up, the innovation of a mobile phone and the development of new features on this device as time has been going by is seen to be a very important innovation of our time. It has contributed to the improvement of human life is all aspects; physically, socially, and economically among other aspects. References Aker, C. J. Mbiti, M. I., (2010). Mobile phones and economic development in Africa. Retrieved on 18 October 2011 from http://businessinnovation.berkeley.edu/Mobile_Impact/Aker-Mbiti_mobile_phones_Africa.pdf Aurigi, A. (2006). New Technologies, Same Dilemmas: Policy and Design Issues for the Augmented City. In Journal of Urban Technology, 13 (3),5-28. Banks, K Burge, R. (2004). Mobile Phones: An Appropriate Tool For Conservation And Development? Cambridge :Fauna Flora International. Bhat, J. S. (n.d). Managing is innovation – integrating technology, market and organizational change. Retrieved on 18 October 2011 from, http://www.business-asia.net/UploadedFiles/ApcttDocuments/Bath.pdf Buys, P., Dasgupta, S. Thomas, S. Wheeler, D. (2009). Determinants of a Digital Divide in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Spatial Econometric Analysis of Cell Phone Coverage. World Development. 37(9), 15 28. Catung.com, (2011). The advanced technology of gadget to make to make human life easier. Retrieved on 18 October 2011 from, http://catung.com/the-advanced-technology-of-gadget-to-make-human-life-become-easier/. Donner, J. (2008). Research Approaches to Mobile Use in the Developing World: A Review of the Literature. Abingdon: Taylor Francis. The Economist. (2008). Halfway There: How to promote the spread of mobile phones among the worlds poorest. May 29, 2008 Klonner, S. Nolen, P. (2008). Does ICT Benefit the Poor? Evidence from South Africa. Unpublished mimeo. IFPRI. (2007). The World’s Most Deprived: Characteristics and Causes of Extreme Poverty and Hunger. 2020 Discussion Paper No. 43. Washington, D.C: IFPRI International Telecommunication Union. (2008). World Telecommunication Indicators Database. Geneva: International Telecommunications Union. International Telecommunication Union. (2004). Basic course on Emergency Telecommunications. Geneva: ITU. Retrieved on 18 October 2011 from, http://www.itu.int/ITU/youth/emergency_telecommunications/basic_course/menu.exe International Telecommunication Union. (2003). Trends in Telecommunication Reform 2003: Promoting Universal Access to ICTs – Practical Tools for Regulators. Geneva: International Telecommunications Union. Safaricom. (2009). Industry Update. Retrieved on 18 October 2011 from, http://www.safaricom.co.ke/fileadmin/template/main/downloads/investor_relations_pdf/Industry%20Update%20120309.pdf. Vodafone. (2005). Africa: The Economic Impact of Mobile Phones. Vodafone Policy Paper Series, Number 3, Retrieved on 18 October 2011 from, http://www.vodafone.com/etc/medialib/attachments/cr_downloads.Par.78351.File.tmp/GPP_SIM_paper_3.pdf

Call Of Duty Modern Warfare 3 - 1015 Words

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